Egypt
Egypt, a country located in the northeast corner of Africa. In the heart of Egypt, in the Nile River Valley and Delta, was home to one of the major civilizations of the ancient Near East and, like Mesopotamia further east, one of the world's first cities and literate societies developed here. Pharaonic Egypt flourished for about 3,000 years during a series of local dynasties interspersed with brief periods of foreign rule. After 323 Ave. Cr. Alexander the Great conquered the region, and urban Egypt became an integral part of the Hellenistic world. Under the rule of the Greek Ptolemaic dynasty, the city of Alexandria flourished with an advanced literate society, but modern Egypt was destroyed in the 30s. BC was conquered by the Romans. It remained part of the Roman Republic and Empire, and later part of the Byzantine Empire, the successor state of Rome, until it was conquered by Arab Muslim armies in 639–642.
Climate
Egypt is located in the desert belt of North Africa; therefore, its general climatic characteristics are low annual precipitation and a large seasonal and diurnal (daily) temperature range with year-round sunshine. In the desert, cyclones cause sandstorms or dust storms called khamsins (Arabic for "fifty", as they are said to occur 50 days a year), which usually occur between March and June; they are caused by tropical air from the south moving north due to the extension of the Sudan low pressure system to the northeast. Khamsin is accompanied by a sudden temperature increase of 14 to 20 °F (8 to 11 °C), a decrease in relative humidity (often to 10 percent), and thick dust; winds can reach gale force. The climate is essentially bi-seasonal, with winter from November to March and summer from May to September, with short transitional periods. Winters are cool and mild and summers are hot. Average January minimum and maximum temperatures range from 48 to 65 °F (9 and 18 °C) in Alexandria and 48 to 74 °F (9 and 23 °C) in Aswan. The summer months are hot throughout the country, with average midday temperatures in June ranging from 91 °F (33 °C) in Cairo to 106 °F (41 °C) in Aswan. Egypt has a very sunny climate with around 12 hours of sunshine in the summer months and 8 to 10 hours a day in the winter.
Plant and animal life
Despite the lack of rainfall, Egypt's natural vegetation is diverse. Much of the Western Desert is completely devoid of any plant life, but where some form of water exists, the usual desert growth of perennials and grasses is found; the coastline is full of plants in the spring. The Eastern Desert receives little rainfall, but supports a variety of vegetation that includes tamarisks, acacias, and marca (leafless, thornless glabrous branches and slender twigs), as well as a wide variety of thorny shrubs, small succulents, and aromatic plants. herbs. This growth is even more pronounced in the Red Sea Hills and Sinai Mountains and the Ilba (Elba) Mountains in the southeast.
The Nile and its irrigation canals and ditches support many varieties of aquatic plants; ancient lotus can be found in drainage canals in the delta. There are more than 100 types of grass, including bamboo and esparto (ḥalfāʾ), a large, long grass that grows near water. Strong perennial reeds such as Spanish cane and common reed are widespread in Lower Egypt, but papyrus, cultivated in ancient times, is now found only in botanical gardens.
The date palm, cultivated and native, is found throughout the delta, Nile valley and oases. The Doum palm (Hyphaene thebaica; African fan palm) is particularly identified with Upper Egypt (southern Nile Valley) and oases, although it is found elsewhere.
Domesticated animals include buffalo, camels, donkeys, sheep and goats, the latter being particularly prominent in rural Egypt. The animals that figure so prominently in ancient Egyptian friezes - hippos, giraffes and ostriches - no longer exist in Egypt; crocodiles are found only south of the Aswan High Dam. The largest wild animal is the aoudad (a species of bearded sheep) that survives in the southern parts of the Western Desert. Other desert animals include Dorcas gazelle, fennec (a small desert fox), Nubian goats, Egyptian hare, and two species of jerboa (a mouse-like rodent with long hind legs for jumping). There are two carnivorous mammals: the Caffre cat, a small feline predator, and the Egyptian mongoose. Several varieties of lizards are found. Venomous snakes include more than one species of viper; the spotted snake is found throughout the Nile Valley, and the Egyptian cobra (Naje haje) is found in agricultural areas. Scorpions are common in deserts. There are many species of rodents. Many varieties of insects can be found, including locusts.
Egyptian language
The official language of Egypt is Arabic, and most Egyptians speak one of several local dialects of that language. As in other Arab countries, the spoken vernacular is very different from the literary. Modern Literary Arabic (often called Modern Standard Arabic or al-fuṣḥā, "clear" Arabic), which evolved from Classical or Medieval Arabic, is taught only in school and is the lingua franca of educated people throughout the Arab world. The grammar and syntax of the literary form of the language has remained largely unchanged since the 7th century, but it has changed in other ways over the intervening centuries. Modern forms of style, word order and phraseology are simpler and more flexible than in classical Arabic and are often derived directly from English or French.
Religion
Islam is the official religion of Egypt, and almost all Egyptian Muslims follow its Sunni branch. The country has long been a center of Islamic scholarship, and Al-Azhar University in Cairo is widely regarded as the world's foremost institution of Islamic learning. Likewise, many Muslims, even outside of Egypt, consider the sheikhs of al-Azhar to be one of the highest religious authorities in the Sunni world. in 1928 The Muslim Brotherhood was founded in Egypt, an international religio-political organization aiming to spread conservative Muslim values. Sufism is also widespread.
Kitchen
As you might expect, Egypt's food culture is also rich and varied, but the classic foods on the Egyptian table include: hummus, falafel, stuffed grape leaves, fish and baklava, which are popular in the Middle East, North Africa and the Mediterranean region.
Economics
Egypt's economy used to be a highly centralized economy focused on import substitution under President Gamal Abdel Nasser (1954–1970). Under the rule of President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi (2014-present), the economy is guided by Egypt's 2030 vision. vision This policy aims to diversify the Egyptian economy.
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